Community Health Workers: Improving Home Visiting Engagement of High-Risk Birthing People in Segregated Neighborhoods.

CONTEXT: Racial and ethnic disparities in perinatal health remain a public health crisis. Despite improved outcomes from home visiting (HV) participation during pregnancy, most eligible individuals of color do not engage. Neighborhood segregation, a manifestation of structural racism, may impose constraints on engaging eligible individuals in HV. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether race, ethnicity, and/or language-concordant community health workers (CHWs) increased HV engagement for birthing people in segregated neighborhoods. DESIGN: Program evaluation using administrative linked data from birth records, Medicaid claims, and HV program participation. Strong Beginnings (SB), a program with HV provided by CHWs working with nurses and social workers, was compared with the Maternal Infant Health Program (MIHP), a state Medicaid-sponsored HV program without CHW involvement. Data were analyzed using χ 2 tests and Poisson regressions. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 4560 individuals with a Medicaid-eligible birth between 2016 and 2019, including 1172 from SB and 3388 from the MIHP. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Penetration (percentage of participants in HV among all Medicaid-eligible individuals across quintiles of neighborhood segregation) and dosage (the total number of home visits from both CHWs and nurses/social workers, and then restricted to those from nurses/social workers). RESULTS: SB penetrated more segregated neighborhoods than the MIHP (58.4% vs 48.3%; P < .001). SB participants received a higher dosage of home visits (mean [SD]: 11.9 [6.1]) than MIHP participants (mean [SD]: 4.4 [2.8], P < .001). Importantly, CHWs did not replace but moderately increased home visits from nurses and social workers (51.1% vs 35.2% with ≥5 intervention visits, P < .001), especially in more segregated neighborhoods. POLICY IMPLICATION: Community-informed HV models intentionally designed for people facing disparities may help facilitate program outreach to segregated neighborhoods with concentrated deprivation and reduce racial and ethnic disparities. CONCLUSIONS: An HV program provided by CHWs working with nurses and social workers was associated with an increase in penetration and dosage in segregated neighborhoods, compared with HV without CHW involvement. This underscores the value of CHWs partnering with licensed professional workers in improving HV engagement in disadvantaged communities.

Home-Based Medical Care Use In Medicare Advantage And Traditional Medicare In 2018.

The use of home-based medical care differed in Medicare Advantage and traditional Medicare in 2018. Having exactly one such visit was thirty-one times as likely for Medicare Advantage beneficiaries (18.6 percent) as for traditional Medicare beneficiaries (0.6 percent), likely reflecting incentives in the Medicare Advantage program to code all accurate diagnoses. Multiple home-based medical care visits were less likely in Medicare Advantage than in traditional Medicare (1.6 percent versus 2.1 percent of beneficiaries, respectively).

Atendimento domiciliar do enfermeiro da Estratégia Saúde da Família na comunidade quilombola Sacopã: relato de experiência / Family Health Strategy nurse home care in the Sacopã quilombola community: experience report / Atención domiciliaria de la enfermería en la Estrategia de Salud Familiar en la comunidad quilombola Sacopã: informe de experiencia

A comunidade quilombola de Sacopã, cuja existência remonta a mais de 100 anos, está localizada na zona sul do Rio de Janeiro, na Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas, e continua preservando cultura, ancestralidade e tradições do povo negro até os dias atuais. Neste estudo, tem-se como objetivo relatar a experiência das consultas do enfermeiro da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) realizadas na comunidade quilombola Sacopã. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo relato de experiência, com abordagem qualitativa. As visitas domiciliares ocorreram nos dias 29 de setembro de 2021, no turno da tarde, e 6 de outubro de 2021, nos turnos da manhã e da tarde. O processo de enfermagem foi aplicado, incluindo triagem com aferição da pressão arterial e medição da glicemia capilar, renovação das prescrições de medicamentos, teste de sensibilidade plantar, agendamento de exames de colpocitologia e mamografias, avaliação dos registros de vacinação infantil, aconselhamento e educação em saúde. Essas ações visam atender às demandas da população quilombola e reparar os atrasos nas visitas domiciliares causados pela pandemia de covid-19. Vale ressaltar que realizar consultas de enfermagem no formato de atendimento domiciliar proporciona conforto, fortalece o vínculo entre a unidade de saúde e a comunidade, possibilita uma imersão na realidade local, aproxima os profissionais das famílias e reduz os custos de deslocamento, garantindo assim um cuidado holístico e abrangente aos usuários.

The Sacopã quilombola community, which has existed for over 100 years, is in the south of Rio de Janeiro, in Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas, and continues to preserve culture, ancestry, and traditions of the black people to this day. This study aims to report the experience of consultations with the Family Health Strategy (FHS) nurse held in the Sacopã quilombola community. It is an experience report study with a qualitative approach. The home visits were conducted on September 29, 2021, in the afternoon shift, and on October 6, 2021, in the morning and afternoon shifts. The nursing process was applied, including screening with blood pressure and capillary blood glucose measurements, renewal of the drug prescriptions, plantar sensitivity tests, scheduling of Pap smears and mammograms, evaluation of children's vaccination records, counseling, and health education. These actions aim to meet the demands of the quilombola population and address the delays in home visits that occurred due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Note that conducting nursing consultations in a home care format provides comfort, strengthens the link between the health unit and the community, allows immersion in the local reality, brings professionals closer to families, and reduces travel costs, thus ensuring holistic and comprehensive care for users.

La comunidad quilombola de Sacopã que se remonta a más de cien años está ubicada en la zona sur de Río de Janeiro, en la Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas, y viene preservando la cultura, ancestralidad y tradiciones del pueblo negro hasta la actualidad. Este estudio tuvo por objetivo informar la experiencia de consultas con la enfermería de la Estrategia de Salud Familiar (ESF) realizadas en la comunidad quilombola de Sacopã. Se trata de un estudio de tipo informe de experiencia, con enfoque cualitativo. Las visitas domiciliarias tuvieron lugar el 29 de septiembre de 2021, por la tarde, y el 6 de octubre de 2021, por la mañana y tarde. Se aplicó el proceso de enfermería, incluyendo el triaje con medición de la presión arterial y de la glucemia capilar, renovación de prescripciones de medicamentos, prueba de sensibilidad plantar, programación de exámenes de citología vaginal y mamografías, evaluación de los registros de vacunación infantil, asesoramiento y educación en salud. El objetivo de estas acciones fue atender las demandas de la población quilombola y compensar los retrasos en las visitas domiciliarias debido a la pandemia de la covid-19. Es importante destacar que la realización de las consultas de enfermería en atención domiciliaria proporciona comodidad, fortalece el vínculo entre la unidad de salud y la comunidad, permite una inmersión en la realidad local, acerca a los profesionales a las familias y reduce los costos de desplazamiento, garantizando así una atención holística y completa a los usuarios.

Home visiting impacts during the pandemic: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial of child first.

Existing research has found that home visiting programs for families with young children can improve children's development and strengthen caregiver and family well-being. However, the pandemic created numerous challenges for home visiting programs, forcing them to deliver services online or in a hybrid format to respond to pandemic-related challenges. Questions remain about the impacts of these programs when delivered at-scale via a hybrid model, especially during this uniquely challenging time. The present study reports 12-month impacts from a randomized controlled trial of Child First-an evidence-based home visiting program that provides psychotherapeutic, parent-child intervention (children ages 0-5) embedded in a coordinated system of care-when implemented as a hybrid service. This study estimates impacts within four domains: families' receipt of services, caregiver psychological well-being and parenting, child behavior, and family economic well-being. After randomly assigning families (N = 226) to receive Child First or typical community services, the research team surveyed caregivers (N = 183) about a year after study enrollment. Results from regression models with site fixed effects revealed suggestive evidence that Child First reduced caregivers' job loss, residential mobility, and self-reported substance abuse, and increased receipt of virtual services during the pandemic. There were null impacts on caregivers' psychological well-being, families' involvement with the child welfare system, children's behaviors, and other indicators of economic well-being. Implications for future research and policy are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

In-home Visits and Subsequent Health Outcomes in Medicare Advantage Beneficiaries With Coronary Artery Disease, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Depression.

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery disease, diabetes, hypertension, and depression are common burdensome conditions. OBJECTIVES: To examine whether multidimensional preventive in-home visits were associated with fewer emergency and inpatient care episodes and higher quality of care. RESEARCH DESIGN: An observational, retrospective data analysis. SUBJECTS: A nationwide Medicare Advantage population from the Optum Labs Data Warehouse. MEASURES: We compared beneficiaries with 1 or more of the conditions with an in-home visit in 2018 ("Exposure") with those without a visit in 2018 but with a future visit in 2019 ("Wait List Control") using a difference-in-differences analysis. Primary outcomes were 1-year all-cause inpatient care and emergency visit counts. Secondary outcomes included primary care visits, major adverse cardiovascular events, and select quality-of-care metrics. An exploratory outcome was the time-to-first primary care visit after the index date. RESULTS: Among those eligible to receive an in-home visit, a total of 48,566 patients had an in-home visit in 2018 (the "Exposure" group), and 36,549 beneficiaries constituted the "Wait List" control group. Receiving an in-home visit early was associated with a greater decrease in inpatient stays for all 4 conditions (change score range for any stay: -5.22% to -2.47%) (P<0.001, depression <0.05); decrease in emergency visits (change score range for any stay: -4.39% to -3.67%) (P<0.0.001, depression <0.05); and fewer major adverse cardiovascular events for coronary artery disease and depression (P<0.001 and <0.025, respectively) 1 year later. Minimal differences were noted for change in ambulatory and primary care visits, with no consistent increase in quality-of-care metrics. Time-to-first primary care visit was shorter for the "Exposure" versus the Wait List control group in all conditions (difference between 2.45 and 4.95 d). CONCLUSIONS: The feasibility and impact of a nationwide multidimensional preventive in-home visit were demonstrated, targeting common and high morbidity conditions. Benefits were observed against a Wait List control group, resulting in less resource-intense care.

Non-restrictive open vial policy combined with the home visit vaccinations for improving BCG coverage in a high-incidence outreach region: A model-based cost-effectiveness analysis for Indonesia.

Background: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination is recommended at birth or in the first week of life to achieve the most beneficial effects in protecting against the most severe type of tuberculosis (TB) disease in children. However, delayed vaccination is commonly reported, especially in outreach or rural areas. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of combining non-restrictive open vial and home visit vaccination strategies in order to increase timely BCG vaccination in a high-incidence outreach setting. Methods: We applied a simplified Markov model for the Papua setting, which resembled a high-incidence outreach setting in Indonesia, to assess the cost-effectiveness of these strategies from a health care and a societal perspective. A moderate increase (75% wastage rate and 25% home vaccination) and a large increase (95% wastage rate and 75% home vaccination) scenario were assessed in the analysis. We calculated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) based on the incremental costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained by comparing the two strategies to the base case scenario (35% wastage rate and no home vaccination). Results: The costs per vaccinated child were US$10.25 in the base case scenario, increasing slightly in the moderate (US$10.54) and large increase scenarios (US$12.38). The moderate increase scenario was predicted to prevent 5783 TB-related deaths and 790 TB cases while the large increase scenario predicted the prevention of 9865 TB-related deaths and 1348 TB cases for the entire lifespan of our cohort. From a health care perspective, the ICERs were predicted to be US$288/QALY and US$487/QALY, respectively, for the moderate and large increase scenarios. Using Indonesia's gross domestic product (GDP) per person as a threshold, both strategies were considered to be cost-effective. Conclusions: We found that the allocation of resources for timely BCG vaccination based on combining home vaccination and a less restrictive open vial strategy could substantially reduce childhood TB cases and TB-related mortality. Although outreach activities are more expensive than vaccination at a health care facility only, these activities proved to be cost-effective. These strategies might also be beneficial in other high-incidence outreach settings.

What works for whom? Mother's psychological distress as a moderator of the effectiveness of a home visiting intervention.

Attachment-based home visiting programs that serve new mothers experiencing psychological distress may advance health equity by helping families systemically exposed to adversity. This study examined whether one such program (Promoting First Relationships/PFR) had particularly beneficial effects on maternal and child relationship outcomes for mothers reporting the greatest psychological distress. A randomized controlled trial of the PFR program included a low-income sample of 252 Spanish- and English-speaking mother-child dyads referred prenatally for mental health concerns. The sample of mothers was 65.5% White, 17.5% Black, and 17.1% multiracial or other racial groups; 47.2% reported Hispanic ethnicity. The moderating variable of psychological distress was measured using maternal-reported screening tools for symptoms of depression, anxiety, anger, post-traumatic stress, and interpersonal sensitivity. Outcomes included observed parenting sensitivity and self-reported understanding of infants/toddlers, caregiving confidence, and child externalizing behavior. Results showed a significant treatment condition by baseline psychological distress interaction for observed parenting sensitivity such that differences in outcomes favoring the PFR condition were greatest among those with high baseline psychological distress (baseline child age 6-12 weeks). In a low-income sample of new mothers, those with the greatest need, as indicated by high psychological distress, showed greater improvements in their sensitive and responsive caregiving if they were randomized to the PFR treatment condition.

Los programas de visita a casa basados en la afectividad que sirven a madres nuevas que experimentan angustia sicológica pudieran mejorar la equidad de salud ayudando a familias sistemáticamente expuestas a circunstancias adversas. Este estudio examinó si uno de tales programas (Promover Primeras Relaciones /PFR) tiene particularmente efectos beneficiosos en los resultados de la relación materna y del niño para madres que reportan la mayor angustia sicológica. Un ensayo controlado al azar sobre el programa PFR incluyó un grupo muestra de bajos recursos económicos de 252 díadas de madre-niño que hablaban español o inglés, referidas prenatalmente por razón de salud mental. El grupo muestra de madres estaba compuesto de 65.5% blancas, 17.5% negras, y 17.1% multirracial o de otros grupos raciales; el 47.2% reportó origen étnico hispano. La variable moderadora de angustia sicológica se midió con herramientas de detección reportadas por las madres para síntomas de depresión, ansiedad, ira, estrés postraumático y sensibilidad interpersonal. Entre los resultados se incluyen la observada sensibilidad de crianza y la auto-reportada comprensión de infantes y niños pequeñitos, la confianza en la prestación de cuidado, así como la conducta de externalización del niño. Los resultados muestran una significativa condición de tratamiento por medio de interacción de angustia sicológica al nivel básico para la observada sensibilidad de crianza, de manera que las diferencias en resultados que favorecen la condición PFR fueron mayores entre quienes presentaban una alta angustia sicológica de base (punto base edad del niño 6 a 12 semanas). En un grupo muestra de madres nuevas de bajos recursos económicos, aquellas con las mayores necesidades, tal como indica la alta angustia sicológica, mostraron mayores logros en su sensibilidad y el cuidado sensible si se les había seleccionado al azar para la condición de tratamiento PFR.

Les programmes de visite à domicile basés sur l'attachement qui servant des nouvelles mères faisant l'expérience de détresse psychologique peuvent faire avancer l'équité en santé en aidant des familles systématiquement exposées à l'adversité. Cette étude a examiné si un tel programme (la Promotion de Premières Relations, soit en anglais Promoting First Relationships/PFR) avait des effets particulièrement bénéfiques sur les résultats de relation maternelle et enfant pour les mères faisant état de la plus grande détresse psychologique. Un essai contrôlé randomisé du programme PFR a inclus un échantillon de 252 dyades mères-enfants de milieu défavorisé, parlant espagnol et anglais, référées avant la naissance pour des problèmes de santé mentale. L'échantillon de mères était 65,5% caucasiennes/blanches, 17,5% noires, and 17,1% multiraciales ou autres groupes raciaux, 47,2% faisant état d'une ethnicité hispanique. La variable modératrice de détresse psychologique a été mesurée en utilisant des outils de dépistage rapportés par la mère de dépression, d'anxiété, de stress post-traumatique, et de sensibilité interpersonnelle. Les résultats ont inclus une sensibilité de parentage observée et une compréhension auto-rapportée des bébés/petits enfants, une confiance de parentage, et un comportement externalisant de l'enfant. Les résultats montrent une condition de traitement importante par l'interaction psychologique de base pour la sensibilité de parentage observée telles que les différences dans les résultats favorisant la condition PFR étaient les plus grandes parmi celles avec la base de détresse psychologique élevée (âge de base de l'enfant 6-12 semaines). Chez un échantillon de nouvelles mères de milieux défavorisés, celles ayant le besoin le plus élevé, indiqué par une haute détresse psychologique, ont fait preuve des plus améliorations dans leur parentage sensible et réactif si elles étaient randomisées pour la condition de traitement PFR.

The role of restrictive scope-of-practice regulations on the delivery of nurse practitioner-delivered home-based primary care.

BACKGROUND: Nurse practitioners (NPs) are the largest group of providers delivering home-based primary care (HBPC) in the U.S. We examined the association of scope-of-practice regulations and NP-HBPC rates. METHODS: Using the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Provider Utilization and Payment Data Public Use File for 2019, we conducted a state-level analysis to examine the impact of scope-of-practice regulations on the utilization of NP-HBPC. Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System codes were used to identify the HBPC visits in private residences (99341-99,345, 99,347-99,350) and domiciliary settings (99324-99,328, 99,334-99,337). We used linear regression to compare NP-HBPC utilization rates between states of either restricted or reduced scope-of-practice laws to states with full scope-of-practice, adjusting for a number of NP-HBPC providers, state ranking of total assisted living, the proportion of fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare beneficiaries and neighborhood-level socio-economic status and race and ethnicity. RESULTS: Nearly half of NPs providing HBPC (46%; n = 7151) were in states with a restricted scope of practice regulations. Compared to states with full scope-of-practice, states with restricted or reduced scope-of-practice had higher adjusted rates of NP-HBPC per 1000 FFS Medicare beneficiaries. The average level of the utilization rate of NP-HBPC was 89.9, 63, and 49.1 visits, per 1000 FFS Medicare beneficiaries in states with restricted, reduced, and full- scope-of-practice laws, respectively. The rate of NP-HBPC visits was higher in states with restricted (Beta coefficient = 0.92; 95%CI 0.13-1.72; p = 0.023) and reduced scope-of-practice laws (Beta coefficient = 0.91; 95%CI 0.03-1.79; p = 0.043) compared to states with full scope-of-practice laws. CONCLUSION: Restricted state NP scope-of-practice regulations were associated with higher rates of FFS Medicare NP-HBPC care delivery compared with full or reduced scope-of-practice. Understanding underlying mechanisms of how scope-of-practice affects NP-HBPC delivery could help to develop scope-of-practice regulations that improve access to HBPC for the underserved homebound population.

Human resource time commitments and associated costs of Community Caregiver outreach team operations in South Africa.

INTRODUCTION: In South Africa, Community Caregivers (CCGs) visit households to provide basic healthcare services including those for tuberculosis and HIV. However, CCG workloads, costs, and time burden are largely unknown. Our objective was to assess the workloads and operational costs for CCG teams operating in different settings in South Africa. METHODS: Between March and October 2018, we collected standardized self-reported activity time forms from 11 CCG pairs working at two public health clinics in Ekurhuleni district, South Africa. CCG workloads were assessed based on activity unit times, per-household visit time, and mean daily number of successful household visits. Using activity-based times and CCG operating cost data, we assessed CCG annual and per-household visit costs (USD 2019) from the health system perspective. RESULTS: CCGs in clinic 1 (peri-urban, 7 CCG pairs) and 2 (urban, informal settlement; 4 CCG pairs) served an area of 3.1 km2 and 0.6 km2 with 8,035 and 5,200 registered households, respectively. CCG pairs spent a median 236 minutes per day conducting field activities at clinic 1 versus 235 minutes at clinic 2. CCG pairs at clinic 1 spent 49.5% of this time at households (versus traveling), compared to 35.0% at clinic 2. On average, CCG pairs successfully visited 9.5 vs 6.7 households per day for clinics 1 and 2, respectively. At clinic 1, 2.7% of household visits were unsuccessful, versus 28.5% at clinic 2. Total annual operating costs were higher in clinic 1 ($71,780 vs $49,097) but cost per successful visit was lower ($3.58) than clinic 2 ($5.85). CONCLUSIONS: CCG home visits were more frequent, successful, and less costly in clinic 1, which served a larger and more formalized settlement. The variability in workload and cost observed across pairs and clinics suggests that circumstantial factors and CCG needs must be carefully assessed for optimized CCG outreach operations.

Home visits in rural areas: demands in primary care.

INTRODUCTION: The rural population suffers from important limitations in accessing health care, often lacking a public policy approach to the health and sanitation conditions of their environment. In this sense, primary care emerges with the objective of offering comprehensive care to the population, applying some of its principles as territorialization, person-centered care, longitudinality, and resolution in health care. The goal is to offer the basic health needs of the population considering the determinants and conditions of health in each territory. METHODS: The present study is an experience report that aimed to raise the main health demands of the rural population in the areas of nursing, dentistry, and psychology of a village in the state of Minas Gerais through home visits carried out as part of primary care. RESULTS: Depression and psychological exhaustion were identified as the main psychological demands. Related to nursing, the difficulty of controlling chronic diseases was notable. Regarding dental care, the high prevalence of tooth loss was evident. In an attempt to minimize the limitations of access to health care, some strategies were created targeting the rural population. A radio program that aimed to disseminate basic health information in an accessible way was the main one. DISCUSSION: Therefore, the importance of home visits is evident, especially in rural areas, favoring educational health and preventive practices in primary care and considering the adoption of more effective care strategies for rural populations.

Factors Associated With Self-Reported Family Enrollment in Community Services After Referral by First Born Home Visitors.

OBJECTIVE: To examine factors associated with family enrollment in community services after receiving a referral from First Born home visiting staff in New Mexico. METHODS: Analyses of program administrative data from August 2010 to January 2020 for 1049 families with 5397 referrals were conducted in Stata 15.1 using mixed effects logistic regression; missing data were imputed. We examined the likelihood of a referral outcome being coded as "client enrolled in services" based on family self-report as a function of program, referral type and initiator, and staff and referral recipient characteristics. RESULTS: About one fourth of referrals resulted in enrollment in services, with the highest enrollment rate for early intervention (39%) and lower enrollment rates for behavioral health (18%) and domestic violence (14%) services. Reported enrollment in the referred-to service was significantly higher for older caseholders versus teens (odds ratio [OR]: 1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07-2.67) and for children (OR: 1.33, 95% CI 1.06-1.67) and pregnant mothers (OR: 1.45, 95% CI 1.04-2.01) versus non-pregnant mothers and significantly lower for referrals initiated by home visitors (in discussion with family - OR: 0.62, 95% CI 0.49-0.79; based on screening results - OR: 0.52, 95% CI 0.37-0.72) versus family initiated referrals, for fathers versus non-pregnant mothers (OR: 0.49, 95% CI 0.32-0.75) and for Asian, Black, and multi-racial/ethnic group caseholders versus white caseholders (OR: 0.53, 95% CI 0.30-0.97). CONCLUSIONS: Quality improvement efforts and home visitor training on making sensitive referrals, anti-racism, and motivational interviewing could potentially improve family engagement with community services via the First Born home visiting model.

Addressing health equity through a telehealth maternal-newborn home visit for nurse practitioner students.

ABSTRACT: This educational innovation describes the implementation and evaluation of a telehealth maternal-newborn home visit clinical experience for nurse practitioner students at an urban, private research university in the Midwest. The visits were conducted using the Family Connects evidence-based universal support program for families with newborns to evaluate each family's unique risks and to align their needs with available community resources. Students were prepared for the clinical experience through advanced practice didactic modules and simulation and then participated in the visits over a 2-week period. After the clinical opportunity, both students and community health nurse collaborators completed a survey about their experiences. The students reported feeling prepared to participate in the visits, that they were able to meet clinical objectives using telehealth, and learned about the community resources available for families with newborns. The nurses reported feeling prepared to collaborate with nurse practitioner students and that they benefitted from having a student participate in the visits. The experience prepared the students to meet the needs of a diverse patient population during the early postpartum/newborn period by providing newborn care advice, addressing access to health, assessing social determinants of health, and considering community resource referrals to reduce disparities and improve health equity. This article describes how a telehealth clinical experience addresses the American Association of Colleges of Nursing Essentials for advanced-level nursing students and provides recommendations for incorporating and evaluating telehealth clinical experiences in pediatric advanced practice education.

Atendimento psicossocial nos serviços de proteção social especial do SUAS / Psychosocial care in the special social protection services of SUAS / Atención psicosocial en los servicios de protección social especial del Sistema Único de Asistencia Social (SUAS)

Documentos normativos determinam que serviços de Proteção Social Especial (PSE) do Sistema Único de Assistência Social (SUAS) devem oferecer atendimento psicossocial às(aos) usuárias(os). No entanto, não especificam que atendimento é esse, que tipo de atividades ele inclui, porque ele caracteriza principalmente serviços da PSE ou o que o diferencia das outras atividades desenvolvidas pelas equipes desses serviços. Diante disso, neste artigo, buscamos responder às seguintes questões: como profissionais que atuam nas equipes técnicas ou na gestão de serviços de proteção social especial do município de São Paulo compreendem a noção de "atendimento psicossocial"? E como essa noção é convertida em práticas concretas de intervenção? Para respondê-las, realizamos uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, bem como fizemos 10 entrevistas semiestruturadas com profissionais da PSE. As entrevistas e documentos analisados indicam a polissemia da expressão atendimento psicossocial. Ora ela refere-se a determinadas práticas ou ações que fazem parte do cotidiano dos serviços do SUAS; ora a um aspecto ou uma visão que norteia o trabalho. Indicam, ainda, que tal forma de atendimento é caracterizada, entre outras coisas, por sua interdisciplinaridade, pela importância que dá ao contexto e ao território e por não ser equivalente à clínica psicoterápica tradicional.(AU)

Regulatory documents determine that Special Social Protection (PSE) services of the Unified Social Assistance System (SUAS) must offer psychosocial support to its users. However, they do not specify which support, what type of activities it includes, why it mainly characterizes PSE services or what differentiates it from other activities developed by teams in these services. Given this, in this article, we seek to answer the following questions: how do professionals working in the technical teams or in the management of special social protection services in the municipality of São Paulo understand the notion of "psychosocial support"? And how is this notion converted into concrete intervention practices? To answer them, we conducted a bibliographic and documentary research, as well as 10 semi-structured interviews with professionals from PSE services. The interviews and documents analyzed indicate the polysemy of the expression psychosocial support. At times, it refers to certain practices or actions that are part of the daily routine of SUAS services; at other times, it refers to an aspect or vision that guides the work. They also indicate that this form of support is characterized, among other things, by its interdisciplinary nature, by the importance given to context and territory and by not being equivalent to the traditional psychotherapeutic clinic.(AU)

Los documentos normativos determinan que los servicios de Protección Social Especial (PSE) del Sistema Único de Asistencia Social (SUAS) deben ofrecer atención psicosocial a los usuarios. Sin embargo, no especifican en qué consiste esta atención, qué tipo de actividades incluye, por qué caracteriza principalmente a los servicios de PSE o qué lo diferencia de otras actividades desarrolladas por los equipos de estos servicios. Teniendo esto en cuenta, en este artículo buscamos responder a las siguientes preguntas: ¿Qué piensan sobre la noción de "atención psicosocial" los profesionales que trabajan en los equipos técnicos o en la gestión de los servicios de protección social especial en el municipio de São Paulo? ¿Y cómo convierten esta noción en prácticas concretas de intervención? Para responderlas, realizamos una investigación bibliográfica y documental, así como diez entrevistas semiestructuradas con profesionales de la PSE. Las entrevistas y los documentos analizados indican la polisemia de la expresión atención psicosocial. A veces, se refiere a ciertas prácticas o acciones que forman parte de la rutina diaria de los servicios del SUAS; otras veces, a un aspecto o visión que guía el trabajo. También esta forma de atención se caracteriza, entre otras cosas, por su interdisciplinariedad, por la importancia que se da al contexto y al territorio, y por no ser equivalente a la clínica psicoterapéutica tradicional.(AU)

Atenção psicossocial a usuários de álcool e outras drogas: um estudo dos profissionais de um município sul-brasileiro / Psychosocial care for users of alcohol and other drugs: a study on professionals in a South-Brazilian municipality / Atención psicosocial para usuarios de alcohol y otras drogas: un estudio sobre profesionales de un municipio surbrasileño

Resumo: Este estudo objetivou identificar estratégias adotadas por profissionais atuantes na atenção básica à saúde, em um município da região Sul do Brasil, e analisar suas percepções sobre fatores dificultadores e facilitadores no cuidado a pessoas com necessidades decorrentes do uso de substâncias. Tratou-se de um estudo de abordagem predominantemente qualitativa. A amostra foi composta por 32 participantes para a obtenção de dados quantitativos e 11 para a coleta de dados qualitativos. Os dados foram analisados por meio da Análise de Conteúdo Temático-Categorial, mediante o uso do software NVivo 12. Os dados indicaram que as principais estratégias e fatores facilitadores foram o atendimento a demandas espontâneas, visita domiciliar, a família e o acolhimento. Em nível de intervenção, evidenciou-se a articulação dos serviços e redes de apoio, o matriciamento, o vínculo e a multidisciplinaridade e interprofissionalidade como possibilidades e potencialidades nos processos de trabalho. Quanto aos fatores dificultadores, verificou-se excesso de demandas, fragilidade de vínculo, estigma e preconceito, baixa adesão, centralização dos serviços, insuficiência de formação profissional, ausência de matriciamento, hegemonia do modelo biomédico e institucionalizante, e divergência entre políticas e práticas de cuidado. Espera-se que esses resultados possam contribuir para a formulação e efetivação de políticas e práticas de cuidado às pessoas que usam drogas.

Abstract: This study aimed to identify strategies adopted by professionals working in basic health care, in a municipality in the southern region of Brazil, and to analyze their perceptions about factors that are difficult and facilitating in caring for people with needs arising from the use of substances. This was a study with a predominantly qualitative approach. The sample consisted of 32 participants for quantitative data collection and 11 for qualitative data collection. The data were analyzed by means of the Thematic-Categorial Content Analysis, using the NVivo 12 software. The data indicated that the main facilitating strategies and factors were the attendance to spontaneous demands, home visits, family and reception. At the level of intervention, the articulation of support services and networks, matrix support, bond and multidisciplinarity and interprofessionality were evidenced as possibilities and potentialities in the work processes. As for the difficulty factors, there were excessive demands, fragility of bonds, stigma and prejudice, low adherence, centralization of services, insufficient professional training, lack of a matrix support, hegemony of the biomedical and institutionalized model, and divergence between care policies and practices. These results are expected to contribute to the formulation and implementation of policies and care practices for people who use drugs.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar estrategias adoptadas por los profesionales que trabajan en la atención básica de salud, en un municipio de la región sur de Brasil, y analizar sus percepciones sobre factores facilitadores y dificultadores en el cuidado de personas con necesidades derivadas del uso de sustancias. Fue un estudio con un enfoque predominantemente cualitativo. La muestra estuvo conformada por 32 participantes para la recolección de datos cuantitativos y 11 para la recolección de datos cualitativos. Los datos fueron analizados mediante el Análisis de Contenido Temático-Categórico, utilizando el software NVivo 12. Los datos indicaron que las principales estrategias y factores facilitadores fueron la asistencia a demandas espontáneas, visita domiciliar, familia y acogida. A nivel de intervención, se evidenció la articulación de servicios y redes de apoyo, matriciamento, vínculo y multidisciplinariedad e interprofesionalidad como posibilidades y potencialidades en los procesos de trabajo. En cuanto a los factores dificultadores, hubo exceso de demandas, fragilidad de los vínculos, estigma y prejuicio, baja adherencia, centralización de los servicios, insuficiente formación profesional, falta de matriciamento, hegemonía del modelo biomédico y de institucionalización, divergencia entre políticas y prácticas de cuidado. Se espera que estos resultados contribuyan a la formulación e implementación de políticas y prácticas de cuidado para las personas que usan drogas.

Crianças e adolescentes com necessidades especiais de saúde: o cuidado nos serviços de atenção domiciliar / Niños y adolescentes con necesidades especiales de salud: cuidado en los servicios de atención a domicilio / Children and adolescents with special healthcare needs: care in home care services

RESUMO Objetivo descrever o cuidado prestado às crianças com necessidades especiais de saúde nos Serviços de Atenção Domiciliar do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Métodos pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva e exploratória. Os participantes do estudo foram profissionais dos Serviços de Atenção Domiciliar do Mato Grosso do Sul. A coleta de dados se deu com a aplicação de dois formulários on-line, no período de 2019 a 2020. Um dos formulários tinha dados descritivos dos serviços e seus atendimentos; o outro se voltava para a validação de protocolo de fluxo de atenção domiciliar às crianças. Para análise de dados, utilizou-se a estatística descritiva. Resultados houve uma predominância de 25 crianças com paralisia cerebral, sendo que a maioria foi classificada como média complexidade, de acordo com a complexidade e as demandas de cuidados. Os profissionais realizam orientações, procedimentos e avaliação, além de serem responsáveis pelo treinamento da família. Os serviços não possuem protocolo de fluxo para atendimento das crianças. Conclusão Implicações para Prática embora os serviços apresentem capacidade de ampliação do atendimento e utilizem o Plano Terapêutico Singular, avanços na assistência às crianças e famílias ainda se fazem necessários. Recomenda-se a elaboração de protocolos de fluxo e propostas organizativas que auxiliem os profissionais em sua prática.

RESUMEN Objetivo Descrever a atención prestada a niños con necesidades especiales de salud en los Servicios de Atención Domiciliaria del Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Métodos investigação cuantitativa, descritiva e exploratoria. Los participantes del estudio fueron profesionales de los servicios de atención domiciliaria de Mato Grosso do Sul. La recolección de datos ocurrió a través de la aplicación de dos formularios en línea, de 2019 a 2020, uno con datos descriptivos de los servicios y su atención y el otro para la validación del protocolo para el flujo de atención domiciliaria a los niños. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para el análisis de datos. Resultados hubo un predominio de 25 niños con parálisis cerebral. La mayoría clasificó como mediana complejidad de acuerdo a la complejidad y demandas de atención. The professionals carry out lineamientos, procedures, evaluation and are responsible for training the family. Los servicios no cuentan con un protocolo de flujo para la atención de niños. Conclusion Implications for Practice Although the services have the capacity to expand care and use the Singular Therapeutic Plan, advances in the care of the child and the family are still needed. The development of flow protocols and organizational proposals that help professionals in their practice are recommended.

ABSTRACT Objective to describe the care provided to children with special health needs in the Home Care Services of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul - Brazil. Methods research, descriptive and exploratory. Study participants were professionals from home care services in Mato Grosso do Sul. Data collection took place through the application of two online forms, from 2019 to 2020, one containing descriptive data of the services and their care and the other for validation of the home care flow protocol for children. It was used for data analysis and descriptive statistics. Results there was a predominance of 25 children with brain flexibility. Most classified as complex average according to the complexity and demands of care. Professionals and guidelines, procedures, assessment are responsible for training the family. The services do not have a flow protocol for the care of children. Conclusion Implications for Practice Services Present ability to deliver care and use the care plan and single use, advances in child care and solutions may still be presented. There is a practice of elaborating flow protocols and organization proposals that help professionals in their.

How valid are women's reports of the antenatal health services they receive from Community Health Workers in Gombe State north-eastern Nigeria?

BACKGROUND: Community health workers (CHWs) in low- and middle-income countries are key to increasing coverage of maternal and newborn interventions through home visits to counsel families about healthy behaviours. Household surveys enable tracking the progress of CHW programmes but recent evidence questions the accuracy of maternal reports. We measured the validity of women's responses about the content of care they received during CHW home visits and examined whether the accuracy of women's responses was affected by CHW counselling skills. METHODS: We conducted a criterion validity study in 2019, in Gombe State-Nigeria, and collected data from 362 pregnant women. During accompanied CHW home visits the content of CHW care and the presence or absence of 18 positive counselling skills were observed and documented by a researcher. In a follow-up interview three months later, the same women were asked about the care received during the CHW home visit. Women's reports were compared with observation data and the sensitivity, specificity, and area under receiver curve (AUC) calculated. We performed a covariate validity analysis that adjusted for a counselling skill score to assess the variation in accuracy of women's reports with CHW counselling skills. RESULTS: Ten indicators were included in the validity analysis. Women consistently overestimated the content of care CHWs provided and no indicator met the condition for individual-level accuracy set at AUC ≥ 0.6. The CHW counselling skill score ranged from 9-18 points from a possible 18, with a mean of 14.3; checking on client history or concerns were the most frequently missed item. There was evidence that unmarried women and the relatively most poor women received less skilled counselling than other women (mean counselling scores of 13.2 and 13.7 respectively). There was no consistent evidence of an association between higher counselling skill scores and better accuracy of women's reports. CONCLUSIONS: The validity of women's responses about CHW care content was poor and consistently overestimated coverage. We discuss several challenges in applying criterion validity study methods to examine measures of community-based care and make only cautious interpretation of the findings that may be relevant to other researchers interested in developing similar studies.

Impact of a Community Health Worker (CHW) Home Visiting Intervention on Any and Adequate Prenatal Care Among Ethno-Racially Diverse Pregnant Women of the US Southwest.

OBJECTIVES: Social and structural barriers drive disparities in prenatal care utilization among minoritized women in the United States. This study examined the impact of Arizona's Health Start Program, a community health worker (CHW) home visiting intervention, on prenatal care utilization among an ethno-racially and geographically diverse cohort of women. METHODS: We used Health Start administrative and state birth certificate data to identify women enrolled in the program during 2006-2016 (n = 7,117). Propensity score matching was used to generate a statistically-similar comparison group (n = 53,213) of women who did not participate in the program. Odds ratios were used to compare rates of prenatal care utilization. The process was repeated for select subgroups, with post-match regression adjustments applied where necessary. RESULTS: Health Start participants were more likely to report any (OR 1.24, 95%CI 1.02-1.50) and adequate (OR 1.08, 95%CI 1.01-1.16) prenatal care, compared to controls. Additional specific subgroups were significantly more likely to receive any prenatal care: American Indian women (OR 2.22, 95%CI 1.07-4.60), primipara women (OR 1.64, 95%CI 1.13-2.38), teens (OR 1.58, 95%CI 1.02-2.45), women in rural border counties (OR 1.45, 95%CI 1.05-1.98); and adequate prenatal care: teens (OR 1.31, 95%CI 1.11-1.55), women in rural border counties (OR 1.18, 95%CI 1.05-1.33), primipara women (OR 1.18, 95%CI 1.05-1.32), women with less than high school education (OR 1.13, 95%CI 1.00-1.27). CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE: A CHW-led perinatal home visiting intervention operated through a state health department can improve prenatal care utilization among demographically and socioeconomically disadvantaged women and reduce maternal and child health inequity.

Growth of Fee-for-Service Medicare Home-Based Medical Care Within Private Residences and Domiciliary Care Settings in the U.S., 2012-2019.

OBJECTIVES: Home-based medical care (HBMC) delivers physician or advanced practice provider-led medical services for patients in private residences and domiciliary settings (eg, assisted living facilities, group/boarding homes). We aimed to examine the time trends in HBMC utilization by care settings. DESIGN: Analyses of HBMC utilization at the national and state levels during the years 2012-2019. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: With Medicare public use files, we calculated the state-level utilization rate of HBMC among fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare beneficiaries, measured by visits per 1000 FFS enrollees, in private residences and domiciliary settings, both separately and combined. METHODS: We assessed the trend of HBMC utilization over time via linear mixed models with random intercept for state, adjusting for the following state-level markers of HBMC supply and demand: number of HBMC providers, state ranking of total assisted living and residential care capacity, and the proportion of FFS beneficiaries with dementia, dual eligibility for Medicaid, receiving home health services, and Medicare Advantage. RESULTS: Total HBMC visits in the United States increased from 3,911,778 in 2012 to 5,524,939 in 2019. The median (interquartile range) state-level HBMC utilization rate per 1000 FFS population was 67.6 (34.1-151.3) visits overall, 17.3 (7.9-41.9) visits in private residences, and 47.7 (23.1-86.6) visits in domiciliary settings. The annual percentage increase of utilization rates was significant for all care settings in crude models (3%-8%), and remained significant for overall visits and visits in domiciliary settings (2%-4%), but not in private residences. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The national-level growth in HBMC from 2012-2019 was largely driven by a growth of HBMC occurring in domiciliary settings. To meet the needs of a growing aging population, future studies should focus efforts on policy and payment issues to address inequities in access to HBMC services for homebound older adults, and examine drivers of HBMC growth at regional and local levels.

Prevalence of not receiving a home visit by Community Health Agents in Brazil and associated factors. / Prevalência do não recebimento de visita domiciliar pelo Agente Comunitário de Saúde no Brasil e fatores associados.

This article aimed to identify the prevalence of not receiving a home visit by a community health agent (CHA) and the factors associated with it. This was a cross-sectional study, conducted with 38,865 health teams and 140,444 users in the entire country, who participated in the external evaluation of the Program of Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Health (PMAQ-AB, in Portuguese) in 2017/2018. The association between not receiving a home visit by a CHA and the characteristics of the towns, teams, and individuals were estimated by the prevalence ratio (PR) with 95% confidence intervals. The prevalence of not receiving a home visit by a CHA was 18.6% and the main causes were: CHA did not visit the home, lack of knowledge of the existence of CHAs in the neighborhood or unit, and no one present at the home when the CHA visited. The probability of receiving a home visit was higher in poorer regions like the Northeast Region of the country; in towns with a smaller population; among older age users with a lower income, users with chronic health conditions, or users who have someone with a physical disability at home. The results showed that there is a need to increase the coverage of CHA visits in the country, considering that their home visits improve equity in health care.

O objetivo do artigo é identificar a prevalência de não recebimento de visita domiciliar por Agente Comunitário de Saúde (ACS) e os fatores associados. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com 38.865 equipes e 140.444 usuários em todo o território nacional, que participaram da avaliação externa do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica em 2017/2018. A associação de não recebimento de visita domiciliar por ACS e características dos municípios, equipes e indivíduos foi estimada pela razão de prevalência e intervalos de confiança de 95%. A prevalência de não recebimento de visita domiciliar pelo ACS foi de 18,6% e os principais motivos foram: ACS não realiza visita na casa, desconhecimento da existência de ACS no bairro ou unidade, e não tem ninguém em casa para atendê-lo. A probabilidade de receber visita domiciliar foi maior em regiões mais pobres como o Nordeste, em municípios com menor porte populacional, entre usuários com maior idade e menor renda, com condições crônicas de saúde ou que possuem alguém com dificuldade de locomoção no domicílio. Os resultados evidenciam a necessidade de aumento da cobertura de ACS no país, considerando que sua visita domiciliar promove equidade em saúde.

The impact of a specialist home-visiting intervention on the language outcomes of young mothers and their children: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Young mothers are more likely to provide a suboptimal early language environment for their children who in turn show impairments in their language development, yet few studies have used observational methods to assess the effectiveness of home-visiting programmes in improving the language outcomes of young mothers and their children. The Family Nurse Partnership (FNP) is a licensed home-visiting intervention developed in the USA and introduced into practice in England. The intervention involves up to 64 structured home visits from early pregnancy until the child's second birthday by specially recruited and trained Family Nurses. We assessed the effectiveness of FNP in improving the language outcomes of first-time teenage mothers and their infants. METHOD: We conducted a pragmatic, non-blinded, randomised controlled trial to test whether the FNP programme improved mothers' and children's language production at 24 months postpartum. Eligible participants were nulliparous, aged 19 years or younger, and were recruited at less than 25 weeks' gestation from community midwifery settings (Country). Pregnant young mothers were randomly assigned to FNP plus usual care (n = 243) or usual care alone (n = 233). At 24 months postpartum, mother-child dyads were observed during a standardised free-play task with their first-born child and features of their language production was coded. Data was analysed using multi-level modelling; linear or poisson/negative binomial regression models were used as appropriate. RESULTS: A small effect of FNP on mothers' productive language was detected, where mothers in the FNP group demonstrated higher mean length of utterances than mothers who received usual care alone, mean difference (adjusted by minimisation variables and by site, linear regression) = 0.10, p < .05, 95% CI (0.004-0.20), d = .18. No differences were detected between groups regarding other characteristics of maternal language or children's language outcomes. CONCLUSION: This observational study conducted within the context of a randomised-controlled trial suggests that the FNP home-visiting programme may have a small, but potentially important impact on young mothers' speech to their toddlers. Exploratory analyses identified family environment, maternal, and child related predictors of the language outcomes of young mothers and their offspring. Trial registration This trial is registered with ISRCTN, number ISRCTN23019866, 20/04/2009.